Literary Analysis on Death of a Salesman Essay

In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the contention between a dad and child shapes the general significance of the work and clarifies the entirety of the unfavorable occasions that happen all through. The wellsprings of Willy and Biff’s clashes, which incorporate Biff’s preposterous impression of the world because of thoughts planted in him by his dad, Biff’s revelation of his father’s undertaking, and Biff’s absence of business achievement all collect and result in a definitive competition between the dad and child. Through and through, these contribute incredibly to the development of the idea that individual dreams and want to make progress can regularly contrarily meddle with individual connections, and making individuals free sight of what is significant in our lives, as Willy and Biff epitomize. All through the play, there are flashbacks to Biff’s adolescence as an effective competitor and inspired person. Willy’s pride in his son’s achievements is obvious, as he continually lauds him saying, â€Å"Good work Biff!† (1561), yet Willy’s absence of acknowledgment of the truth are too. Every now and again Bernard, a productive little fellow, shows up and helps Willy to remember Biff’s unsuitable evaluations, yet Willy won't concede these destructions and doesn't acknowledge the truth of his son’s circumstance. Willy simply tells Bernard, â€Å"Don’t be a vermin, Bernard! What an anemic!† (1560), and excuses the negative proclamations made about Biff. Bernard continually returns nearly as an image of Biff’s still, small voice, advising him to concentrate or, in all likelihood he won't graduate. Willy doesn't support the circumstance and totally battles Bernard’s endeavors by filling Biff’s head wi th untruths and selling him on the possibility of the American Dream as something that is effortlessly accomplished, by offering straightforward guidance, for example, â€Å"Be preferred and you will never want† (1561). It is obvious that Willy gauges the significance of being popular and socially acknowledged more vigorously than genuine difficult work and achievement, a negative impression of his character. Willy lectures his way of thinking that, â€Å"the man who shows up in the business world, the man who makes individual intrigue, is the man who gets ahead† (1561). This is absolutely unexpected because of the way that Willy is the man who makes an individual enthusiasm for the business world with men of high status, yet when the entirety of his companions die he is left with only a celebrated past to recollect. This bogus reality that Willy paints for Biff encourages the contention between father andâ son because of the way that Biff flops because of the manner in which he was raised. Biff follows his dads ways and words, and when he accepts his first position he has been raised to imagine that achievement and satisfaction will simply come to him without exorbitant exertion on his part . As any child would turn upward to and appreciate his dad, Biff took his father’s counsel and along these lines puts forth no inordinate attempts and set forth negligible work hoping to become fruitful just due to his character. This feeling of qualification is unmistakably decreased when Biff neglects to keep a vocation and winds up at home. Willy never sets aside the effort to show Biff a decent hard working attitude, great qualities, and solid ethics, on the grounds that Willy himself has not set up these inside his own character. Thusly Biff takes, doesn't buckle down, and thinks that its difficult to make it in reality. Willy himself doesn't have a clue what is significant throughout everyday life, doesn't have ethics, and doesn't esteem his family connections, consequently he has no chance to get of showing Biff these imperative instruments for progress and bliss. The disdain Willy feels in view of Biff’s absence of accomplishment turns into the principle strife al l through the play at last reflects contrarily upon Willy’s absence of capacity to accomplish the American dream himself, showing Willy’s by and large powerless character. Biff’s disclosure of his father’s undertaking fills in as a principle defining moment for him as a character, a defining moment that sends him descending into an existence of battle and absence of accomplishment. It is now that Biff loses regard for his dad and starts to perceive the falsehood that he is living, along these lines making it a fundamental wellspring of contention. Willy is willfully ignorant about his association with Biff’s disappointment throughout everyday life, and when in a roundabout way faced by Bernard about the episode in Boston asking â€Å"What occurred in Boston, Willy?† (1600), Willy gets guarded, saying, â€Å"What would you say you are attempting to do, accuse me? Don’t converse with me that way!† (1600). In the wake of being told about Biff’s response upon his arrival from Boston and the copying of his preferred University of Virginia shoes that represent Biff’s dreams and trusts later on, Willy un derstands the degree of effect that Biff’s disclosure of the issue had. Willy’s absence of acknowledgment of reality unfavorably influences his relationship with Biff since he never assumes liability for his issue or even has the fearlessness to let it be known to Biff. Therefore, when Biff finds a lady in his father’s lodging, he stands up to his dad, â€Å"You fake! You fake minimal phony! You fake!† (1618) and all Willy can do is endeavor to practice his position as a dad which eventually comes up short. Every now and again all through the play, Happy makes references to the man Biff used to be, asking him, â€Å"What occurred, Biff? Where’s the old funniness, the old confidence?† (1552). Finding out about his father’s undertaking and seeing it firsthand that day in Boston was the defining moment for Biff, where he grew up and understood that his dad was a messed up and vanquished man, not simply the effective agent he depicted as and used to be. Thus, Biff loses all regard for his dad, and on the other hand Willy starts to severely dislike Biff too. Because of his revelation of the undertaking, Biff not just considers his to be as a bombed specialist, however a bombed man. A man without cash doesn't make him a terrible man, however a philanderer who sold out a lady who gave him everything can't be excused according to a child. All through Willy’s ceaseless disappointments and annihilations, his significant other despite everything stays strong of him and adoring, continually helping him to remember her warmth for him. Regardless of this, Willy still longs to have what he doesn't and in this manner seeks after an extramarital relationship with â€Å"the other woman.† It is certain that Willy discovers a solace and approval in this undertaking with a lady who causes him to feel needed, yet his significant other does likewise along these lines it is unmistakably a matter of ravenousness. â€Å"Willy’s feeling of disappointment, his conviction that he has no privilege to his better half, regardless of Linda’s love for him, is the thing that persuades Willy’s double dealings, and those of his children after him† (Bloom, Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations: Death of a Salesman). This occasion adds to the general importance of the work as an image of the disappointment of the American Dream by Willy, as far as close to home accomplishment as well as far as family relationship and his family’s achievement. Not exclusively does Willy undermine his significant other, severely dislike his child, and battle to keep an occupation, yet he has released his qualities and appears to have no ethical compass of good and bad. It shows that he has flopped in the business part of his life, and furthermore in his ethics. At last, Biff’s absence of achievement in reality contributes to a great extent to the contention among him and his dad. Subsequent to having innumerable employments over a time of quite a while, Biff gets back with loss of all desire for getting a consistent line of work to help himself. Willy is baffled by Biff’s need ofâ ability to succeed, and, â€Å"It is to Biff, the returning child, to whom Willy relates most affectively.† (Hadomi, Rhythm Between Father and Son.) It is on the grounds that Willy can see such a large amount of himself in Biff and relates so intensely to him that these angry emotions emerge. Biff mirrors his father’s bombed goals and desires for himself, which are spoken to in Willy’s dreams and flashbacks with respect to Biff’s fruitful and sublime youth, just as desires that Willy initially had for himself. Willy considers his to be life and vocation as a moderately aged man, and perceives comparable characteristics and characteristics in Biff. In spite of the fact that he never communicates these, it is obvious that Willy to a great extent observes himself in his child and subsequently takes out his indignation for himself on Biff, bringing about steady battling and struggle. The tangled connection among Willy and Biff represents the topic of the work that in one’s quest for expert and material achievement, it is anything but difficult to get engrossed with shallow parts of life while at the same time dismissing what makes a difference most. Willy’s distraction with his mission for material satisfaction eventually brings about a defective relationship with his family, and at last with his child Biff when Willy observes him emulating his example. This contention among father and child is the thing that shapes the topic of the work and fills to feature Miller’s need and the more prominent significance of the play; that nothing is a higher priority than family. (Word Count: 1517)

Free sample - Christian Ethics. translation missing

Christian Ethics. Christian EthicsFirst of all the idea of Christian morals ought to be characterized. Christian morals or good lessons of Christianity, decides the ethical compass of human conduct. Human conduct dependent on Christian thoughts regarding the nature and predetermination of man, his relationship with God. Christian morals can be known as a hypothesis of Christian activity. Morals of Christianity Expressed in the Christian ethos, a specific style of life, differing in its signs and peculiarâ of people and huge social gatherings of Christians. For me, morals is restricted to human connections, so as to prepare the general public so the entirety of its individuals with a decent variety of interests not to agitate one another, yet just the delight, thus that everybody can build up the correct demeanor to itself and its job in explicit circumstances. [1] For an amazing duration, I attempt to follow the ethical standards instructed by my folks and picked without anyone else. I had not any strict childhood, however think I realize how to vary great and awful. As ethically and morally instructed individual I am ready to keep such damaging feelings, for example, hostility, covetousness, vast self-declaration, and attempt to control them to wellbeing to the open channel. Every one of my principals that I tail I attempted to place into the rundown and have the accompanying: worry for the government assistance of others; regard the privileges of others to be free; unwavering quality and trustworthiness; deliberate accommodation to the law (except for common defiance); decency; dismissal of an uncalled for advantage over others; altruism, the chance to profit; counteraction of hurtful results. For instance, proficient affiliations have codes of morals rules, which indicate the ideal conduct inside the setting of expert practice, for example, medication, law, bookkeeping, building or ranger service. I comprehend that these recorded as a hard copy setting decide the default conduct, which is generally founded on the standards of expert morals. I have next ones: unprejudiced nature and objectivity; trustworthiness, complete introduction; classification; due ingenuity (obligation of care); exact execution of expert obligations; stay away from potential or evident clashes. Lets’ dissect the thought of family morals. In my understanding and as per my vision the idea of morals comparable to the family utilized in the feeling of profound quality, family, ethical quality, and is viewed as a gauge reproducing relatives independently, and the ethical atmosphere of the family as a gathering. I think the most splendid case of the characteristics that I attempt to raise is reflected in circumstance of family struggle. As per my standards I attempt never make sense of family associations with pariahs; persevere for my friends and family, don't educate anyone regarding the realities, slandering my family, attempting to stop an attack of outrage, not to sum up and misrepresent, attempt to yield, not to conflict over wastes of time. From the perspective of Unification, the relationship of individuals in the public eye are the projection of the connection between relatives at home. For instance, if there is a distinction between individuals younger than at least twenty years, their relationship must be portrayed by affection for more seasoned to more youthful, as their kids, and the more youthful should regard their seniors, as their folks. In the event that the age distinction is ten years or less, prompting love the more youthful men as their more youthful siblings or sisters, and more youthful - to regard their seniors, as their more seasoned siblings or sisters. From this viewpoint, the family ethic is the establishment for a wide range of morals. In moving the family morals in the public eye, she transforms into a social ethic, in moving it to the partnership, it turns into a corporate morals, in moving it to the state it turns into a state morals. On account of this, the genuine qualities have insisted (ide als). In the state open figures must love his kin, and individuals ought to react to them consciously. At school, educators should adore their kids and their work, and understudies - regard their instructors. At the cultural level senior must secure more youthful and more youthful - to react to them deferentially. At the degree of heads of foundations or endeavors ought to have a decent lead subordinates, and subordinates - well adhere to the guidelines of bosses. The affection among siblings and sisters in the family, moved to society, the state and the world, turns into the adoration for partners, neighbors, individual residents and mankind as a rule, in this affection I attempt toâ exemplify such flat qualities (ideals), as a harmony cherishing, resistance, a feeling of obligation, unwaveringness, civility, modesty, sympathy, participation, administration to the reason and comprehension. Be that as it may, the present society, the state and the world tossed into disorder. The p urpose behind this is the debilitating of the morals of family relations, filling in as the reason for a wide range of morals. Thusly, the way to salvation lies through the open endorsement of another family ethic, another perspective on it. To achieve this, we can spare from pulverization of the family, can spare the world.[3] As I am an understudy of clinical school (the clinical office), I can certify that the morals has its appearance on the way toward educating and learning at the school. Educator on the personnel is likewise a doctor. In this way, what sort of doctor he shows up before the understudies, to a great extent decides the morals of the instructing procedure. There happen all the while paternalistic and accomplice connections. Paternalistic - in light of the fact that the educator gives what he knows, instructs aptitudes that are claimed. Moral clashes don't emerge if the educator knows a ton and can instruct. In the present higher clinical school it is getting progressively hard to do. Every educator comes out of this issue in their own specific manner: by prudence of his training, aced showing morals, personality and character. Learning procedure might be joined by infringement of specific standards and standards of morals and law. Another factor that reflects ethic standards in my contemplating is learning a subject of morals on business classes. I have seen that specific business morals course gives us that this order can be â€Å"done† independently from the board, account or other circle of business or considering. To my psyche such idea heory is by all accounts thoroughly off-base. Each hypothesis of business, we know about during the learning procedure, contains components and presumptions about what the job of people in this hypothesis, why it is important and what is a decent outcome. At long last we can presume that there are no morally unbiased speculations or circumstances, they generally contain a few standards †good or unethical, and they can never be liberated from them. Thus, during my classes I attempt to separate what is positive or negative, how might I be fruitful along with my standards and Christian morals standards. I trust I ought to adhere to the standards set up by society ( generally) and follow my cognizant. I think a great many people know good and bad, it is only an issue what they decide to do. Consequently it isn't right to believe that in the learning procedure and in the business we can be shown any hypothesis, and afterward add to them good and moral principles. They are as of now introduced and we are qualified for pick one for ourselves as per our convictions. On our business morals class we are shown essential characteristics, for example, human poise on one hand, and that any individual is the piece of the instrument which gives benefit and is a piece of effective arrangement. [2] I think it is fitting to state about expert morals as a piece of the way toward contemplating morals. Human exercises are differing to the point that the general good guidelines are regularly insufficient to manage human conduct in explicit territories of action. Proficient morals alludes to the inferred or expressly characterized set of rules or implicit rules that direct leaders in their different expert jobs. This sort of job profound quality regularly gives advantageous consequences for the goals of moral debates emerging over the span of expert exercises. Most moral problems related with various sorts of expert morals, incorporate a logical inconsistency between practically differentiable and all inclusive morals. I have summed up my general standards and standards, in view of level of my convictions: there is a moral size of human activities. Activities are acceptable and terrible, commendable and contemptible. Nature of an individual is controlled by what and how he's doing. Any individual who acts with nobility, and regard is praiseworthy, one who carries on in a shameful way is worth of scold, hatred and disdain; the great is regular and typical, the fiendishness is arbitrary and unnatural. A better than average man acts satisfactorily not on the grounds that he is compelled to some outer factors, or would have liked to get from it any advantage, yet essentially on the grounds that the inverse is unnatural and disturbing; there is equity. For good to yourself you should render the great, for detestable - underhanded. Reward useful for fiendish (for example noble cause) is conceivable, yet not when in doubt, however as an exemption to the standard. At the point when applied to control relations: an infringement of the law must be trailed by discipline; there is a distinction am ong my and others. My (own family, own kin, own nation) - it is something for which I am mindful, something that I should fare thee well, having the obligation to ensure as a matter of first importance, what is required to offer inclination to the others. On the off chance that we talk about the network, I accept that essential ethic standards here are: permitted everything that isn't legitimately damaging the privileges of others; the privileges surprisingly are equivalent. I attempt to tail them trough entire my life. Presently instructed man is an irregularity in our day by day lives, particularly among youngsters who try just to the visual intrigue. But then these individuals are, and they are required individuals from any organization. Without a doubt, ethically and profoundly tough individual is extremely phenomenal. To accomplish most extreme outcomes and to turn out to be polite individual I gained from youth. From the youth guardians brought

Critical Mass

Critical Mass Among the newest buzz words being used by business advisers is critical mass. Entrepreneurs are being told to work towards critical mass, or companies are claiming to have reached critical mass. What does it mean? How does it help a company? Should your company be working toward critical mass? © Shutterstock.com | LightspringThis article will examine 1)the definition of critical mass, 2) how to achieve critical mass, 3) signs that your company may be ready for critical mass, 4) some important components of critical mass 5) business models where critical mass is vital and 6) critical mass in social media websites.DEFINING CRITICAL MASSIf the term critical mass sounds like it came straight out of a science fiction novel, you’d be right. Derived from nuclear physics, critical mass is a term used to represent the smallest mass of material that can sustain a nuclear reaction at a constant level. In business, it is used to denote a crucial stage in a company’s development where the business reaches a self-sustaining viability. This means that the company’s business is viable without the need for further investment.In other words, it may refer to the size a company needs to grow to, in order to compete in the market efficiently and continue to remain competitive. This size then also supports sustained growth and continue efficiency. This size may be determined by the number of staff, the amount of resources, revenue streams and total market share. A few or all of these elements may combine to help a company reach operational efficiency and become profitable at which point it is said to have reached critical mass.Companies attempt to achieve this critical mass through their business activities because it can make the difference between a thriving in a market versus just surviving. Critical mass is an ever changing target and not a constant one time only goal. This means that a smaller business that has aspirations to grow needs to reach this critical mass at its current size before it can grow bigger. Once this threshold is achieved, a new stage is reached with new targets and a new critical mass to achieve. Obviously, achieving critical mass does not happen on a prescribed timeline, and it can vary between companies â€" even if they are in the same i ndustry.Every company, however, should be working towards achieving this pivotal point in company growth. Before critical mass, the company is a fledgling business, struggling to make it from one month to the next. Once critical mass is reached, the company blossoms into a self-sufficient, revenue generating machine that will provide the entrepreneur with a wide range of financial options for the future.If reaching this ‘tipping point’ is so important, is it possible to know, in advance, the moment you’ll reach it? Absolutely. By working backward, any company can determine their critical mass point, and then begin working towards that point in earnest. To find the critical mass point, the company needs to determine the amount of revenue needed to make the business self-sustaining. That figure can then be translated into specific information for the company, which can lead to the right marketing activities needed to reach critical mass.HOW TO ACHIEVE CRITICAL MASSAs mentioned b riefly, critical mass is a desirable goal for any company that wants to create a long term, sustainable and scalable business. Once this critical mass is achieved in the company’s market environment, things can change drastically for the business. Effort and investment in marketing endeavors decreases substantially and in proportion to increase in sales and customer support. This ideal situation is not easy to achieve in most cases but some simple but important steps to take in this direction include:Work HardAs with most goals and targets, there is no quick fix, easy solution or magic formula to reach a critical mass target. Instead, the key to success is to work hard and make sure that sufficient effort is out into studying the market environment, target audience and other important aspects of the business.Know Your Target/MarketKnowing the target audience inside out is one of the most important factors for the success of any business and towards achieving critical mass. All the hard work and research into the market will be wasted if the effort is directed towards the wrong audience. This is why it is vital to know the market and the ideal customer inside out.Be CommittedIt is important to stay committed to the end goal, and not let go of research and wisdom in exchange for quick fixes that sound glamorous and easy to achieve. Critical mass cannot be achieved instantly in any case. Success is only possible for those who work hard, work smart and stay vigilant in the market.THE EVOLVING NATURE OF CRITICAL MASSOver the years, the definition of the point where critical mass has been achieved has continued to change and evolve. The challenge is to keep updated with current definitions and recognize the point where the business has reached a self-sustaining and stable state.In the last ten years, the point of critical mass and how it is defined has continued to change drastically. Before this, things were simpler to grasp. A cash-flow positive business meant t hat critical mass had been achieved. But as the nature of businesses changed with the arrival of companies like Facebook and Twitter, critical mass was declared with no revenue but by a count of the millions of users who help a company achieve market worth billions of dollars.Most often, it is a good idea to keep a balanced approach to targets and evaluate both traditional and newer measurements for critical mass. Some of these indicators include:Positive Cash FlowThis has been the most widely used indicator for measuring a company’s achievement of critical mass. When there is a positive cash flow, the company has profits that can either be saved or reinvested into the business. In addition new avenues for growth can be explored without the business going through a difficult time.Healthy Margins and RevenueThough specific profit margins and revenue are dependent on a company’s business model, critical mass is often seen to be achieved when certain levels for these two indicators are met.Low Customer Churn and Employee TurnoverA profitable company is only possible when there is optimal productivity. This cannot be achieved if either the customer or the employees keep leaving the company. There are costs associated with both new employees and new customers. A new employee needs to be trained and there is a certain period of time before they begin to be productive. With customers, an established set of customers may give the company more business and less money needs to be spent on costly marketing activities and more concentration can be on customer service and support.Widespread Brand EngagementIn today’s connected world, customers want to feel involved in the brand. They want to know the story behind the company and how it operates. The brand then needs to have an established interactivity, visibility and credibility with current and potential customers. A widely recognized level of engagement can spread virally and can in itself mean critical mass or ca n feed into other, more traditional indicators of critical mass such as positive cash flows.Essentially, every business is like an investment that accrues compound interest over a period of time. The level of brand recognition, employee involvement, network, quality of product or service and customer loyalty and engagement all gather the momentum needed over time to help the business acquire critical mass. Once again, it is important to stress that there is no opportunity for the business to sit back and relax once a critical mass level is achieved. Instead, the next order of business is to make this critical mass sustainable and scale the business.IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF CRITICAL MASSMeasurable GoalsA popular motivational quote reads “Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss, you’ll land among the stars.” The intention of this quote is to inspire the reader to aim big, and may motivate someone to continue pressing on towards their goal. In reaching critical mass, however, missing that target revenue stream is the difference between future growth and frustration. To ensure that critical mass is achieved, the entrepreneur must have measurable goals.These goals can be as simple as determining the monthly revenue needed to be self-sufficient, or as complex as determining the number of new clients each salesperson needs to engage. Finding the tipping point of critical mass is based on this goal; missing it means missing the critical mass stage.Once the goal has been identified, there must be a constant recognition of the progress towards the goal. A hand-drawn target that is filled in as the goal grows near can be enough to keep people pressing towards the finish line. Celebrate each client or sale that brings the company closer to critical mass and encourage the employees to cheer each other on as well. Not only will it help motivate them, it helps to generate excitement as the tipping point draws near.Early AdoptersOften overlooked, one of the important indica tors of a company’s preparation for critical mass is the strength of its early adopters. There are always the innovators â€" the people who will jump on board a company simply because it’s new â€" but the early adopters are the primary customers who choose your company because they believe in what you do. These customers are the ones who can be the most aggravating, the most exhausting and the most insightful. Due to their early belief and excitement about a company, they will often think nothing of communicating their displeasure over a product, detailing the ways customer service can be improved or telling everyone they know about the amazing new service or product they found. It is through the influence of early adopters that many of the large scale investors will decide to sign on with a company. By capitalizing on the unique relationship early adopters have with your company, reaching critical mass can happen quickly.BUSINESS MODELS WHERE CRITICAL MASS IS VITALCritical mass is an important milestone for any company. There are some companies, however, that must reach critical mass as quickly as possible in order to be successful.Social NetworksThe advent of social networks changed the game for critical mass. Prior to the development of social media, critical mass was easily determined through mathematical equations: Necessary monthly revenue divided by customer costs equals critical mass point. Suddenly, however, social media redefined critical mass as a number of followers. They counted on millions of users to generate market values â€" and their plan worked. As social networks continue to develop, the principle is the same: high numbers of users will equal critical mass. This can be difficult to achieve and in many ways is more difficult than the traditional critical mass process of becoming cash-flow positive. There is a race to establish followers that convert to users, and who then become product evangelists who broadcast their usage to others.Mar ket PlacesThese relatively new forms of business use a similar approach to critical mass; they rely on users to generate more users, which can tip the company into critical mass. The marketplace business can struggle: without products to sell, customers won’t be interested; without customers it can be difficult to get products. Once the company has established how to generate attention, the company must begin finding (and keeping) users to maintain their trek towards critical mass.Business Models with High Fixed CostsWhen a niche market wants to generate additional revenue, they are often faced with a dilemma: high fixed costs limit the customers who are inclined to use their services. This creates a situation where reaching critical mass is extremely important, and extremely difficult. An example of this situation can be seen in the airline industry. The fixed costs of air travel are high, and the recent influx of budget travel services that offer low price airline tickets has a negative effect on the airline trying to reach critical mass. Balancing the fixed costs of air travel with ticket prices can be difficult, and prevent a company from easily reaching the tipping point into self-sufficiency.CRITICAL MASS IN SOCIAL MEDIA WEBSITESIn the context of new media such as Facebook, Twitter or Instagram, the term critical mass has unique implications. Often in the absence of a traditional revenue and profit model, these websites rely on what is a called a critical mass of users to act as an indicator of success. This critical mass is achieved when users encourage each other to join and the website’s popularity increases as more and more people join it. Once a critical mass is achieved, the company looks to ways to monetize this critical mass.This critical mass is not one solution that can be applied across the board on all social media platforms or similar websites. Instead, it depends on the type of network in question and the number of users needed to make this network engaging and useful to the wider audience. In addition, people go through phases in their use of these platforms. This means that when there isn’t enough content or enough people on the platform for it to be engaging, they remain passive while a later phase may see them as active users who are creating content themselves. A threshold point between these phases may be the observation point for critical mass.LinkedIn Growth Has Reached Critical Mass: Jeff Weiner FacebookIf one considers the example of Facebook, a similar situation occurred. The website began dominating smaller spaces such as one college at first, followed by a network of colleges. Eventually they were able to collect these smaller spaces into a larger population. Facebook began as a connecting platform for Harvard students. When it proved popular, the service was extended to other colleges starting with Stanford, Yale and Columbia. Every user needed to have a .edu email address to join. At the end of th e first year, 1 million people signed up. By 2005, there were 800 colleges registered and access was given to international educational institutions. By 2006, there were over 14 million registered users. At the end of this year, access was granted to the general public but with privacy settings not employed by competitors at that point. For the first 36 months, Facebook had no revenue streams and the focus was on growing this user base. By 2007, the company introduced Facebook gifts, Facebook Marketplace and Facebook ads. By September 2008, Facebook was estimated to be earning $350 million from advertising and $35 million from gifts. Essentially, after building a first critical mass of users, the company then set out to monetize this base. A second such step occurred with the Facebook IPO. The IPO was held in September 2012, the biggest in technology and one of the biggest in internet history. The company waited for a critical mass to be achieved before taking this step.Understandin g critical mass and how it can be used in a company’s business goals is important in the development of a corporate strategy. It provides structure for the company as it works towards this milestone, and offers weary entrepreneurs, leaders and managers the hope for success in the future.

Brief Overview Of Mcdonald s Mcdonalds Essay

Brief Overview of McDonald’s McDonalds came into existence in 1955 (McDonald’s, 2014). Its founder, Ray Kroc, wanted to build a restaurant business that was unique and offered consistent delicacies across every state of the US. His philosophy that has guided the success of McDonald’s through and through is founded on the slogan â€Å"in business for yourself, but not by yourself† (McDonald’s, 2014). This philosophy characterizes three entities which Kroc rallied to his support at the start; suppliers, franchises, and the McDonald brand itself. The name McDonald is synonymous with the fast food industry, and the organization is renowned the world over as a leading global food services retailer (McDonald’s, 2014). The organization operates across a hundred countries, and has at least 35, 000 locations serving approximately seventy million people each day (McDonald’s, 2014). The overall objective, mission and vision of McDonald’s a re to become the favorite place for customers to eat and drink. Much of McDonalds’ success is attributed to its customer-focused plan to win initiative and culture, which essentially means that the organization addresses the changing needs and preferences of customers locally. Leadership Theories The Great Man Theory This is perhaps the most controversial theory of all times. It has been in existence throughout history. However, in recent times, its articulation within the business environment has been challenged by many commentators. The great ManShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For The Fast Food Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesincorporation of the innovative marketing strategies and channels. RESEARCH STRUCTURE Therefore, the purpose of the particular report is to structure the comprehensive Marketing Plan, for the new healthy menu range of the well-known fast-food chain, McDonald s. The overall plan will include the Environmental and the Industry Analysis, which will involve the PEST Analysis, and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, and the Trends in the Fast-Food Industry. The next section is Marketing plan, which will incorporateRead MoreMcdonalds Corporation : A Leader Of The Fast Food Industry2767 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract McDonalds Corporation has been a leader of the fast food industry since its launch in 1948. McDonalds has grown from a family burger stand to a global fast-food goliath, with upwards of 30,000 locations in 118 countries. (James, 2009) Under the organization of visionary Ray Kroc, a milkshake-mixer salesman, Dick and Mac McDonald opened the first burger stand in San Bernardino, CA. 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Ethical consumerism has gained momentum in recent years; it is about consumers buying products and services they see to be ethically produced without any or little damage being done to the environment and society. In the report, a detailed review of one company claiming to operate ethically is given. McDonald, one of the fast food giantsRead MoreMcdonalds Marketing Plan3867 Words   |  16 Pagesreport highlights various marketing aspects of one of the most successful brands in the world, McDonald’s. The introduction provides an overview about how the company came into being and how it turned into an international franchising corporation starting from being just a local burger stand in the United States. Moreover brief details about the Ronald McDonald mascot and the golden arch logo have been given as well. 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Starbucks entered Australia in 2000 yet has attempted to contend with set up chains, for example, McCafà ©, Gloria jeans, and autonomous cafà ©s reported the Sydney Morning Messenger. While McDonald s has been attempting to extend its espresso business in the U.S., it has as of nowRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility8358 Words   |  34 Pagesobesity has crept quickly as fast as the spurt of fast foods all throughout the world. Though, people could not blame McDonaldization and Globalization.[6] What makes this type of food so appealing not only to Americans is that it s not just hot, tasty, and greasy; it s also constant and convenient. The cheeseburger that a person so loved since childhood has never changed a bit, and can find it same everywhere in worldwide - a constancy that is so hard to find in the constantly changing society.Read MoreShould Grass Fed Beef?1223 Words   |  5 Pages While typically associated as a boujee Whole Food s only type of product for the wealthy and elite, grass fed beef has made it s way into most conventional grocery stores across America. Whoever, many may be wondering whats the deal with this grass fed beef stuff? Is it worth the extra money? Is it even any healthier? Today I ll give oyu a brief overview of why I believe you should be eating grass fed beef if your going to eat beef. A Brief History of Agricultural in the 21st Century and how

James Jarvis - 806 Words

James Jarvis In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country there is two protagonists, Reverend Stephen Kumalo, and James Jarvis. Both characters play significant roles to the story but James Jarvis’ situation is noteworthy and inspirational. James is an influential, dynamic character because his opinion dramatically changes upon reading his son’s manuscript. A series of events influences James to shift his mindset into the mindset of his son. An analysis on James Jarvis’ changing mindset reveals that his son’s manuscript, realizing his shortcomings, and Reverend Kumalo are all things that cause him to change drastically. When James’ son, Arthur, dies he visits Arthur’s home and finds his incomplete manuscript. When reading his†¦show more content†¦Instead of being an irate, cruel, sorrowful man; he picks up where his son left off. It’s realistic that James can be forgiving to Stephen even though he is the father of Absalom, the boy who killed Arthur Jarvis. James Jarvis reacts this way because he doesn’t want anyone else to experience the same thing that happened to him; instead he wants to fix the problem before it occurs again. When his son is shot and killed, James finally gets to know and understand him and his values. â€Å"Jarvis filled his pipe slowly, and listened to the tale of his son, to this tale of a stranger† (172). He reads his sons speeches and understands his country’s segregation, relieving him of his ignorance. James Jarvis was a dynamic character that changes throughout the novel. The representation shows how South African problems educated James Jarvis, and turned him into an understanding, and influential man. If Arthur Jarvis had never been killed, James Jarvis would’ve not been educated by his son’s writings or by StephenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Judicial Review980 Words   |  4 Pagesof Columbia, which was approved by the Senate, and signed and sealed with the official presidential seal; however, it was never delivered to the appropriate branch of government and the current President, Jefferson, ordered the Secretary of State, James Madison not to deliver the appointments (Landmark cases, 2006). One of the appointed Justices of Peace, William Marbury, petitioned the Supreme Court for a legal order asking Madison to give reason why he, Marbury, should not receive his appointmentRead MoreThe Federal Protectionism of Minority Rights in the United States2269 Words   |  10 PagesAddresses, 1989).† Jefferson was not alone in this thinking. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and others understood that the unbridled power of the majority, which is the life-blood of a democracy, could be easily used to ignore or degrade the rights of a minority group. The framers of our nation intended for the protection of minority rights over the â€Å"tyranny of the majority† to be an ardent duty of the federal government. James Madison, under the nom de plume Publius, thoughtfully wrote aboutRead MoreCreating A Centralized Collection Of Information About Our Nations Wilderness2284 Words   |  10 Pagesand the Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center), they were a part of the National Wilderness Preservation System that was made up of the four federal agencies. The steering committee included Wes Henry of the National Park Service, Jeff Jarvis of the Bureau of Land Management, Peter Jerome of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and Jerry Stokes of the US Forest Service. This committee served as the closest thing to a directing force for the project, as there was no single agency in control ofRead More Cry the Beloved Country Movie versus Film Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesauthor lived and died (1992) in South Africa and was one of the greatest writers of that country. His other works include Too Late the Phalarope, Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful, and Tales from a Troubled Land. The book was made into a movie starring James Earl Jones and Richard Harris. The book takes you to South Africa, where the land itself is the essence of a man. It as if the mountains, soaring high above the clouds, are the high moments in life, and the valleys are those low and suffering timesRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country994 Words   |  4 Pagesdo, it has great impact. John Harrison could have been this type of character. He does not play a large role, but the role he plays mimics the ideas of Arthur Jarvis, the deceased son of James Jarvis. Why is John Harrison an important character in Alan Patton s novel, Cry, The Beloved Country? John Harrison is a good friend of Arthur Jarvis. He also has familial ties with Arthur, since he is the brother of Arthur s wife, Mary. John is described as a young man. He is smart and compassionate, butRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton838 Words   |  3 Pagesthat his son Absalom has killed Arthur Jarvis, James Jarvis’ son, and got a girl pregnant without marriage. Before leaving Ndotsheni, Kumalo had many ideas on how bad Johannesburg is, and he is a strict man that stays with his customs. When he returns, he becomes more family orientated because the events that happened with Absalom, Gertrude, and Absalom’s later on pregnant wife. 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Despite the violence depicted amongst the whites and blacks of South Africa, in Cry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton reconciliation and the spirit of unity present themselves through two men: Reverend Kumalo and James Jarvis. To be able to reconcile and unite with others, people must first be able to look inward and come to peace with themselves. One of the main struggles throughout Cry, The Beloved Country emanates from within the characters, as they tryRead MoreThe Family And Love Of A Good Christian Woman862 Words   |  4 Pagesnewspapers which announce that Arthur Jarvis has been murdered. Arthur Jarvis had been prominent in the defense of Native African rights among the European government. Kumalo and Msimangu attempt, again, to find Absalom but are unable to find him before he is arrested for Jarvis’ murder. Kumalo is able to visit Absalom in prison where both he and the man from the reformatory rebuke him. Absalom claims that he was with his cousin and another young man when Jarvis was shot. When Kumalo leaves his brotherRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country953 Words   |  4 Pageschanged after a terrible event happens. James Jarvis, a white farmer living in South Africa, goes t hrough a transformation in his life after his son is killed by a black man. After his son is killed, instead of being angry and hostile towards black people like most would expect, Jarvis comes to realize the discrimination that is taking place and actually starts to help the poor, black families living nearby. Through the unfortunate death of his son, Jarvis changes his life to help others, and thus

Astro Boy Free Essays

Environmental destruction is an important and persistent theme hon. throughout the film Astrology, mainly expressed through the use of technical codes. A number of scenes have displayed an inner meaning through technical codes, such as the scene where the Surface and Metro City are compared with an extreme longest. We will write a custom essay sample on Astro Boy or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this scene, the viewer can tell that there is a large social divide as Metro city is situated directly above the Surface. The extreme longest used, allows the viewer to see the damage caused by the careless, thoughtless and disrespectful actions of Metro City and Its people. This scene Is essential because It proves that the Surface Is Insignificant and Is considered as a Junk yard through the eyes Metro City. Good versus evil Is one of the mall themes explored throughout the entirety of Astrology, shown by using written codes. One of the few obvious instances was found in the scene where a billboard with candidate Logan on it is knocked over by President Stone. When president Stone knocks over the billboard it shows the he feels the need to be in control, and to be the person with the highest level of power. It also proves that he doesn’t want peaceful person (Logan) to be in control of the city. This scene is vital in the feature film Astrology as it shows the personalities of both characters, as well as the role that President Stone plays In the film. The father/son relationship Is a theme that is constantly looked at with the helping hand of symbolic codes. There has been a myriad of symbolic codes used In Astrology, one of the most palpable examples being the hologram scene. In the hologram scene, Toby Is seated as far to the left of car and Dir Team as far to the right as possible, In hologram Oromo. The atmosphere is also extremely tense and almost uncomfortable. This scene is so important because it shows the viewer that Taboo’s father prefers to be more involved with his work life, more than his own son’s life. It also shows the viewer that Dir Team often leaves the responsibility of his child up to that of a robot and is becoming less and less of a father figure to Toby. Equality and inequality is one of the main themes discussed in the film Astrology, and is displayed through the audio code of dialogue. Dialogue is used to show the viewer that the level of education on the Surface is of such a small amount that Zany can’t even read a small and simple sentence. In this scene Azans tells Astor that he cannot read by saying â€Å"almost makes me wish I could read. † This scene is significant because It shows the economic disparity between the Surface and Metro City, as well as proving that the education and future of a ‘Surface kid’ Is less Important as Metro City has not done anything to change this situation. In conclusion, film codes are vital in forming the viewer†s o show the damage caused by Metro City’s actions, and written codes were used to show that President Stone is dependent on control and power, as well as his sinister nature. Symbolic codes were used to prove that Dir Team, Toby father, does not play a major part in his life as he is not there for him physically and emotionally. Audio codes were used to show the large social divide, and that there is almost no form of education on the Surface. How to cite Astro Boy, Papers

Top girls by Caryl Churchill Essay Example

Top girls by Caryl Churchill Paper Top Girls is a play based on social realism in the 1980s when it is set. The play is set around Marline a business woman who has sacrificed her child and love to reach the place in society she is now at the play looks at how she compares to woman in history. It looks at how her actions have affected the people around her namely Joyce her sister and her child. The play looks at the thatcherite philosophy and sees how maybe it slightly more complicated that it seem and there will always be victims of this process. In the first act, marline is hosting a dinner party with great woman from history all with a tale to tell. All the women have had to sacrifice something to get to their place in society today all involves love and children. There is a waitress serving them this shows the working class and that she is not part of the dinner as the class gap is not crosable for certain people. We will write a custom essay sample on Top girls by Caryl Churchill specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Top girls by Caryl Churchill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Top girls by Caryl Churchill specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the second act scene 1, we are in the back garden of marlins sister Joyce and see her daughter, Angie and Angies best friend Kit they are in the tree house. It is established that Angie thinks her aunt Marline is her real mum and that Marline visited last year. The relation ship between her mum Joyce and her friend is shown in the dialogue between them. We also see that Angie is not that bright and is expected not to go far in life. Angie says that she is going to visit her aunt. In the second act scene 2, You see the place Marline works and you realise that the feminist image is flawed. One collage has had a mental beak down the other is having affairs with married men and has to hid in the back of the car in an undignified way. She works in a job agency and she has just had a promotion and has beaten a male collage to the post of promotion and caused his wife to come in and ask her to give up her job because she is a woman. Angie then come in and talks to Marline and her collages there are interviews that take place that represent like the waitress and Joyce how for some people to get to the top they have to step on other people. In the third act, you go back a year and find out how Marline gave Angie up and left to flow her life and burdens Joyce with Angie which cause her husband to leave and Joyce to lose her own child. You see the different political views of Marline and her sister and how she blames people but Joyce blames the system. Staging is an open cut away proscenium stage with a raised area that all the action takes place in this centres the eye there was a door frame to the right of the stage and ramp of to the wings. In the first, act host and the guests only use the door. In the second scene 2 it is used as the entrance to the office and in the third act it is used as the door in to the kitchen. There is a structure at the back of the stage and this has an image projected on it is a non- descript picture. This could resemble a moon or an eye and in the second act is a gauze and used as an acting space. It is some thing that is time-less it could depict that these women have come from different times. In the first act there is a table set in the centre of the raised area. Set out in a grand style as if you are in a restaurant there are seats all the way round the table as shown on the first diagram above. One seat has its back to the audience though this seat is only taken up for part of the act as one character comes in late. The set is all black except for the backdrop and the table. In the second the garden is set out and then an office of the 80s. Then in the last act it is set out as a working class poor kitchen of the early 80s late 70s. There are few special effects as they are not needed it this realistic play. The atmosphere of the act is one of a dinner with friends a realistic formal dinner. This act worked very well it was simple but effective.

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. The word sentence is from the Latin for to feel. The adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Types of Sentence Structures The four basic sentence structures are the: Simple: A  sentence  with only one  independent clause.Compound: Two (or more)  simple sentences  joined by a  conjunction  or an appropriate  mark of punctuation.Complex: A sentence that contains an  independent clause  (or  main clause) and at least one  dependent clause.Compound-complex: A  sentence  with two or more  independent clauses  and at least one  dependent clause. Functional Types of Sentences Declarative: Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.  (Mark Twain)Interrogative:  But what is the difference between literature and journalism? Journalism is unreadable and literature is not read. (Oscar Wilde)Imperative:  Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain)Exclamatory:  To die for an idea; it is unquestionably noble. But how much nobler it would be if men died for ideas that were true!  (H. L. Mencken) Definitions and Observations on Sentences I am trying to say it all in one sentence, between one Cap and one period. (William Faulkner in a letter to Malcolm Cowley) The term sentence is widely used to refer to quite different types of unit. Grammatically, it is the highest unit and consists of one independent clause, or two or more related clauses. Orthographically and rhetorically, it is that unit which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) I have taken as my definition of a sentence any combination of words whatsoever, beyond the simple naming of an object of sense. (Kathleen Carter Moore, The Mental Development of a Child, 1896) [A sentence is a] unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation. (Hadumo Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. by Lee Forester et al. Routledge, 1996) A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated. (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein, English Grammar Instruction That Works! Corwin Press, 2009) None of the usual definitions of a sentence really says much, but every sentence ought somehow to organize a pattern of thought, even if it does not always reduce that thought to bite-sized pieces. (Richard Lanham, Revising Prose. Scribners, 1979) The sentence has been defined as the largest unit for which there are rules of grammar. (Christian Lehmann, Theoretical Implications of Grammaticalization Phenomena, Published in The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. by William A. Foley. Mouton de Gruyter, 1993) The Notional Definition of a Sentence Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson give a different take in explaining what a sentence is and does: It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a complete thought. There are notices, for example, that seem to be complete in themselves but are not generally regarded as sentences: Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit...On the other hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one relatively simple example: This week marks the 300th anniversary of the publication of Sir Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. How many complete thoughts are there in this sentence? We should at least recognize that the part after the comma introduces two additional points about Newtons book: (1) that it is a fundamental work for the whole of modern science, and (2) that it was a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. Yet this example would be acknowledged by all as a single sentence, and it is written as a single sentence. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Another Definition of a Sentence D.J. Allerton provides an alternative definition of a sentence: Traditional attempts to define the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the former type spoke of a complete thought or some other inaccessible psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. A more fruitful approach is that of [Otto] Jespersen (1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness and independence of a sentence, by assessing its potential for standing alone, as a complete utterance. (D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979) Two-Part Definition of a Sentence Stanley Fish felt that a sentence can only be defined in two parts: A sentence is a structure of logical relationships. In its bare form, this proposition is hardly edifying, which is why I immediately supplement it with a simple exercise. Here, I say, are five words randomly chosen; turn them into a sentence. (The first time I did this the words were coffee, should, book, garbage and quickly.) In no time at all I am presented with 20 sentences, all perfectly coherent and all quite different. Then comes the hard part. What is it, I ask, that you did? What did it take to turn a random list of words into a sentence? A lot of fumbling and stumbling and false starts follow, but finally someone says, I put the words into a relationship with one another....Well, my bottom line can be summarized in two statements: (1) a sentence is an organization of items in the world; and (2) a sentence is a structure of logical relationships. (Stanley Fish, Devoid of Content. The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) The Lighter Side of Sentences Some authors a humorous view of a sentence: One day the Nouns were clustered in the street.An adjective walked by, with her dark beauty.The Nouns were struck, moved, changed.The next day a Verb drove up, and created the Sentence... (Kenneth Koch, Permanently. Published in The Collected Poems of Kenneth Koch. Borzoi Books, 2005)

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-Lothringen; November 2,  1755–October 16,  1793) was an Austrian noble and French Queen Consort whose position as a hate figure for much of France helped contribute to the events of the French Revolution, during which she was executed. Fast Facts: Marie-Antoinette Known For:  As the queen of Louis XVI, she was executed during the French Revolution. She is often quoted as saying, Let them eat cake (there is no proof of this statement).Also Known As:  Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-LothringenBorn:  November 2, 1755,  in Vienna (now in Austria)Parents: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria TheresaDied:  October 16, 1793, in Paris, FranceEducation: Private palace tutors  Spouse: King Louis XVI of FranceChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I am calm, as people are whose consciences are clear. Early Years Marie-Antoinette was born on November 2nd, 1755. She was the eleventh daughter - eighth surviving - of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. All the royal sisters were called Marie as a sign of devotion to the Virgin Mary, and so the future queen became known by her second name – Antonia – which became Antoinette in France. She was bought up, like most noble women, to obey her future husband, an oddity given that her mother, Maria Theresa, was a powerful ruler in her own right. Her education was poor thanks to the choice of tutor, leading to later accusations that Marie was stupid; in fact, she was able with everything she was competently taught. Marriage to Dauphin Louis In 1756 Austria and France, long term enemies signed an alliance against the growing power of Prussia. This failed to quell the suspicions and prejudices each nation had long held for each other, and these problems were to affect Marie Antoinette deeply. However, to help cement the alliance it was decided that a marriage should be made between the two nations, and in 1770 Marie Antoinette was married to the heir to the French throne, Dauphin Louis. At this point her French was poor, and a special tutor was appointed. Marie now found herself in her mid-teens in a foreign country, largely cut off from the people and places of her childhood. She was in Versailles, a world where almost every action was governed by fiercely employed rules of etiquette which enforced and supported the monarchy, and which the young Marie thought ridiculous. However, at this early stage, she tried to adopt them. Marie Antoinette displayed what we would now call humanitarian instincts, but her marriage was far from happy to start with. Louis was often rumored to have had a medical problem which caused him pain during sex, but it’s likely he simply wasn’t doing the right thing, and so the marriage initially went unconsummated, and once it was there was still little chance of the much-desired heir being produced. The culture of the time - and her mother - blamed Marie, while close observation and attendant gossip undermined the future queen. Marie sought solace in a small circle of court friends, with whom later enemies would accuse her of hetero- and homosexual affairs. Austria had hoped that Marie Antoinette would dominate Louis and advance their own interests, and to this end first Maria Theresa and then Emperor Joseph II bombarded Marie with requests; in the end, she failed to have any effect on her husband until the French Revolution. Queen Consort of France Louis succeeded to the throne of France in 1774 as Louis XVI; at first, the new king and queen were wildly popular. Marie Antoinette had little regard or interest in court politics, of which there was a lot, and managed to offend by favoring a small group of courtiers in which foreigners seemed to dominate. It’s not surprising that Marie seemed to identify more with people away from their homelands, but public opinion often angrily interpreted this as Marie favoring others instead of the French. Marie masked over her early anxieties about children by growing ever more interested in court pursuits. In doing so she gained a reputation for outward frivolity - gambling, dancing, flirting, shopping - which has never gone away. But she was irreverent out of fear, self-doubting rather than self-absorbed. As Queen Consort Marie ran an expensive and opulent court, which was to be expected and certainly kept parts of Paris employed, but she did so at a time when French finances were collapsing, especially during and after the American Revolutionary War, so she was seen as a cause of wasteful excess. Indeed, her position as a foreigner to France, her expenditure, her perceived aloofness and her early lack of an heir led extreme slanders to be spread about her; claims of extramarital affairs were among the more benign, violent pornography was the other extreme. Opposition grew. The situation isn’t as clear cut as a gluttonous Marie spending freely as France collapsed. While Marie was keen to use her privileges - and she did spend - Marie rejected the established royal traditions and began to reshape the monarchy in a new fashion, rejecting stark formality for a more personal, almost friendly touch, possibly derived from her father. Out went the previous fashion on all but key occasions. Marie Antoinette favored privacy, intimacy, and simplicity over the previous Versailles regimes, and Louis XVI largely agreed. Unfortunately, a hostile French public reacted badly to these changes, interpreting them as signs of indolence and vice, as they undermined the way the French court had been built to survive. At some point, the phrase ‘Let them eat cake’ was falsely attributed to her. Queen, and Finally a Mother In 1778 Marie gave birth to her first child, a girl, and in 1781 the much longed for male heir arrived. Marie began to spend more and more time involved with her new family, and away from previous pursuits. Now the slanders moved away from Louis’ failings to the question of who the father was. The rumors continued to build, affecting both Marie Antoinette - who had previously managed to ignore them - and the French public, who increasingly saw the queen as a debauched, idiotic spendthrift who dominated Louis. Public opinion, on the whole, was turning. This situation worsened in 1785-6 when Maria was publicly accused in the ‘Affair of the Diamond Necklace’. Although she was innocent, she took the brunt of the negative publicity and the affair discredited the whole French monarchy. As Marie did begin to resist the pleas of her relatives to influence the King on behalf of Austria, and as Marie became more serious and engaged in the politics of France fully for the first time - she went to government meetings on issues which didn’t directly affect her - it so happened that France began to collapse into revolution. The King, with the country paralyzed by debt, tried to force reforms through an Assembly of Notables, and as this failed he became depressed. With an ill husband, a physically ill son, and the monarchy collapsing, Marie too became depressed and deeply afraid for her future, although she tried to keep the others afloat. Crowds now openly hissed at the Queen, who was nicknamed ‘Madame Deficit’ over her alleged spending. Marie Antoinette was directly responsible for the recall of Swiss banker Necker to the government, an openly popular move, but when her eldest son died in June 1789, the King and Queen fell into distraught mourning. Unfortunately, this was the exact moment when politics in France decisively changed. The Queen was now openly hated, and many of her close friends (who were also hated by association) fled France. Marie Antoinette stayed, out of feelings of duty and the sense of her position. It was to be a fatal decision, even if the mob only called for her to be sent to a convent at this point The French Revolution As the French Revolution developed, Marie had an influence over her weak and indecisive husband and was able to partly influence royal policy, although her idea of seeking sanctuary with the army away from both Versailles and Paris was rejected. As a mob of women stormed Versailles to harangue the king, a group broke into the queen’s bedroom shouting they wanted to kill Marie, who had just escaped to the king’s room. The royal family was coerced into moving to Paris, and effectively made prisoners. Marie decided to remove herself from the public eye as much as possible, and hope that she wouldn’t be blamed for the actions of aristocrats who had fled France and were agitating for foreign intervention. Marie appears to have become more patient, more pragmatic and, inevitably, more melancholic. For a while, life went on in a similar manner to before, in a strange sort of twilight. Marie Antoinette became then more pro-active again: it was Marie who negotiated with Mirabeau on how to save the crown, and Marie whose distrust of the man led to his advice being rejected. It was also Marie who initially arranged for her, Louis and the children to flee France, but they only reached Varennes before being caught. Throughout Marie Antoinette was insistent she would not flee without Louis, and certainly not without her children, who were still held in better regard than the king and queen. Marie also negotiated with Barnave on what form a constitutional monarchy might take, while also encouraging the Emperor to start armed protests, and form an alliance which would - as Marie hoped - threaten France into behaving. Marie worked frequently, diligently and in secret to help create this, but it was little more than a dream. As France declared war on Austria, Marie Antoinette was now seen as a literal enemy of the state by many. It is perhaps ironic that at the same instance as Marie began to distrust Austrian intentions under their new Emperor - she feared they would come for territory rather than in defense of the French crown - she still fed as much information as she could gather to the Austrians to aid them. The Queen had always been accused of treason and would be again at her trial, but a sympathetic biographer like Antonia Fraser argues Marie always thought her missives were in the best interest of France. The royal family was threatened by the mob before the monarchy was overthrown and the royals properly imprisoned. Louis was tried and executed, but not before Marie’s closest friend was murdered in the September Massacres and her head paraded on a pike before the royal prison. Trial and Death Marie Antoinette now became known, to those more charitably disposed to her, as Widow Capet. Louis’ death hit her hard, and she was allowed to dress in mourning. There was now debate over what to do with her: some hoped for an exchange with Austria, but the Emperor wasn’t overly worried about his aunt’s fate, while others wanted a trial and there was a tug of war between French government factions. Marie now grew very physically ill, her son was taken away, and she was moved to a new prison, where she became prisoner no. 280. There were ad hoc rescue attempts from admirers, but nothing came close. As influential parties in the French government finally got their way - they had decided the public should be given the head of the former queen - Marie Antoinette was tried. All the old slanders were trotted out, plus new ones like sexually abusing her son. While Marie responded at key times with great intelligence, the substance of the trial was irrelevant: her guilt had been pre-ordained, and this was the verdict. On October 16, 1793, she was taken to the guillotine, exhibiting the same courage and coolness with which she had greeted each episode of danger in the revolution, and executed. A Falsely Maligned Woman Marie Antoinette exhibited faults, such as spending frequently in an era when royal finances had been collapsing, but she remains one of the most incorrectly maligned figures in Europe’s history. She was at the forefront of a change in royal styles which would be widely adopted after her death, but she was in many ways too early. She was let down deeply by the actions of her husband and the French state to which she had been sent and cast aside much of her criticized frivolity once her husband had been able to contribute a family, allowing her to ably fulfill the role society wanted her to play. The days of the Revolution confirmed her as an able parent, and throughout her life as consort, she exhibited sympathy and charm. Many women in history have been the subject of slanders, but few ever reached the levels of those printed against Marie, and even fewer suffered as greatly from the way these stories affected public opinion. It is also unfortunate that Marie Antoinette was frequently accused of exactly what her relatives demanded of her - to dominate Louis and push policies favoring Austria - when Marie herself had no influence over Louis until the revolution. The question of her treason against France during the revolution is more problematic, but Marie thought she was acting loyally to the best interests of France, which was to her the French monarchy, not the revolutionary government.

Assess the intent and impact of publicityoriented legal challenges to Essay

Assess the intent and impact of publicityoriented legal challenges to physicianassisted suicide - Essay Example (Egendorf PAS occurs when a doctor, upon the requests of the patient, provides a lethal overdose of medication for the patient to self-administer explicitly knowing that it will enable the patient to commit suicide. Euthanasia, on the other hand, is where the doctor himself administers the lethal overdose. PAS is also ethically and legally distinct in the case wherein the doctor provides medication with the goal of only relieving pain but understanding that death could occur as a secondary effect. There are currently three places in the world where PAS is legal namely the state of Oregon in the United States and the Netherlands. United Kingdom is also considering the legalization of PAS. The prescribed medication involves a lethal dose of barbiturates that is taken in liquid or in tablet form. (Emmanuel, 1998) Due to the fact that PAS involves termination of life of an institution that was tasked to save lives, the issue has been hotly debated primarily on moral and legal terms. Those on the supporting side argue that individuals should have control over the timing and manner of their own deaths. Some argue that actively bringing about one's death is no different legally than refusing life-sustaining treatment. However, opponents contend that legalizing assisted suicide will cause many problems. They fear that vulnerable individuals may be coerced into suicide as a result of financial pressure or fear of burdening their families. Religious opposition to assisted suicide is often based on the belief that God, not humans, should make the choices regarding death. With PAS, doctors are actually actively "killing" patients by making a lethal dose available whereas treatment refusal would only result to a passive involvement in the death of an individual. (Emmanuel et al, 2000) The issue is further complicated by the fact that the legal considerations has not been defined and determined once and for all. IntheUnitedStates, only one state, Oregon, has adopted a law specifically allowing physician-assisted suicide. In November 1994 voters in Oregon approved a ballot measure adopting the Death with Dignity Act, which authorized physicians to prescribe lethal doses of medication for terminally ill patients. However, opponents of assisted suicide challenged the constitutionality of the law and prevented its enforcement. In 1997, after the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the states have the authority to regulate this issue, the voters of Oregon again approved the act. However, in November 2001, the US attorney general came out with a statement that physicians involving themselves in assisted suicide would nevertheless be violating federal drug laws.() While they may not be liable to criminal prosecution, physicians would have their permission to prescribe med ication revoked by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Also, the DEA would not bother examining the medical records of patients in enforcing federal drug laws and would instead get all the names of the physicians involved in PAS in a regulatory body created by the Oregon Death with Dignit

Human Resources Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resources Management - Case Study Example This outlet has more permanent employees and less of casual workers and this requires at least 80 workers to be laid off. This raises significant questions about the manner in which redundancy should be handled by the human resource department in Wordsmiths. There are certain legal issues that she has to consider before making a strategic plan on redundancy. ... had been charged with making workers redundant by discrimination on the basis of age.3 HRIMS and workforce data HRIS helps in storing and reviewing data with respect to effectively manage the workforce. Prior to configuring the HRIMS, Gemma should strive to understand the requirements, opinions and concerns of the workforce.4 The HRIS system should be configured to have maximum possible information about the workforce. Some critical information which Gemma needs to configure would be the information about the workforce in Mainly Books including payroll (payroll accounting and time reporting), managing workforce (commencement, termination and exits of employees), system integration and maintenance (managing software updates and system regulations, managing the interfaces of the system).5 The workforce data can include a plethora of information about the employees in Mainly Books. The information on employees has to start from simple aspects like employee name, address, family details, qualifications, attributes, joining date to highly complex aspects which helps in easing decision making. Such complex aspects may include restructuring, training, internal promotions, on-boarding, performance management, external hiring (in this case for payroll), outsourcing details, succession planning, talent analytics and workforce planning, leadership development, career development and employee retention and engagement . One of the main challenges faced by Gemma is that the company acquired did not maintain any information on human resources. Hence, she will have to speak to the store managers for getting data with respect to payroll. Most of the employee personal data will be found from the store managers. After careful discussion with store managers certain training gaps need to

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids

How Sunderland Prepared for the Air Raids Chapter 1 Preparing for Invasion: A case study of how Sunderland prepared for the air raids. Helen Jones highlights that In the 1930s experts and the public believed that in a future war, enemy aircraft would drop bombs that would devastate civilian populations.[1] Thus suggesting that the fear of aerial bombardment was not only on the mind of experts but the public as well, thus indicating they feared they could be killed from the destruction the bombs could cause. In 1939, Adolf Hitlers Luftwaffe took to the skies to terrorise the UK with the threat of dropping bombs. Hitler wanted to attack the United Kingdom in the dark of the night to ensure that the Luftwaffe attacks were not visible, thus creating a surprise attack on the civilians. The North-East of England was a prime target for Hitler as Sunderland in particular produced 25% of Britains shipping tonnage during the war thus highlighting the significance the North-East played in support the national war effort.[2] Also, Sunderland had long been hailed as the largest shipbuilding town in the world thus highlighting th e significant role Wearside played during the outbreak of Second World War. [3] Britain in particular on a national scale wanted to ensure that there was a defensive strategy in place to protect its nation from European attacks to prevent such an incident occurring like that of The Great War and the Zeppelin attacks, Calder indicates that Britain during the First World War had been raided by zeppelins, major damage had been caused across the country and many people did not have protection due to shelters not being prepared for the invasion.[4] As Travis L. Crosby indicates [i]n 1924, the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) created a sub-committee to review civil defence policy alluding to the fact that the Government wanted a re-assessment and development of the current policy in order to strengthen the civil defence in case of the outbreak of another war.[5] Britains approach to providing air raid protection was very low key, not until the late 1930s the Air Raid Protection (ARP) committee as Joseph S. Meisel asserts embraced a wide range of measures to protect both the civilian population and the infrastructure.[6] A National Service booklet which was distributed to local governments nationwide indicated that there is a need for both men and women to join their local Air Raid Precaution service.[7] To entice people to join the war effort the people of Sunderland and in other areas were offered free training and if personnel had to relocate due to war demands then people were able to transfer from one local authority to another. Wearside needed protection from the German air threat so devised plans to train and ensure they had enough Air Raid Wardens (ARW) for the inhabitants of Sunderland and surrounding areas. The ARP wanted to have 5 to 6 wardens for every 400-500 inhabitants who have a thorough knowledge of their area. The Sunderland Borough Council ARP Committee highlight that one major responsibility of an ARW is to keep in touch and lease with inhabitants within their sector. [8] In 1937, British experts estimated that there was going to be a new war enemy, indicating that Hitler was goin g to try and recreate the carnage caused during the First World War by attacking Britain again by air. [9] In order to ensure that every inhabitant of Sunderland had a chance to contribute towards the war effort and protection of their locality numerous jobs were made available for them such as Rescue and Demolition Parties, First Aid Parties, Ambulance Drivers and Attendants just to name a few. [10] Allowing the people of Sunderland to be involved with the war effort ensured somewhat that public morale was on a high, thus highlighting that the residents of Sunderland had a sense of purpose. Due to the ever growing threat of bombings being immanent the ARP had to quickly mobilize ensuring that there was enough shelters and protection in place for the civilians of Britain. By September 28th 1939, there was 3,329 men and 740 women were involved with the Sunderland ARP highlighting that the people of Wearside wanted to volunteer and help with the protection of their community when they come under the attack of the German air raids.[11] However, initial recruitment to local ARPs was difficult, many people thought that it was a waste of money and training was not worthwhile which caused upset amongst the locals.[12] In 1932, only 500 people had volunteered to be members of the ARP. It was not until 1937 where there was a dramatic increase in locals joining the Wearside ARP, one may suggest that it was the ever growing media coverage of the political rise of Hitler and his plans to invade Poland which caused a spark in recruitment to the ARP. Considering that the Sunderland ARP had 740 women by 1939, highlights that women were a key asset in the ARP program in Sunderland, thus indicating that even though women in the 1930s faced criticism and prejudice the women of Sunderland were able to get involved and play a key role in the Wearside war effort. [13] It is reported that men felt that women should not be involved with the A.R.P as they felt they lacked ability to tackle fires.[14] Thus suggesting that the women of S underland proved to their male counterparts that they could be successfully involved with the local A.R.P programme. The County Borough of Sunderland Council clearly indicated that they had to ensure that ARP provisions were in place in order to gain trust from the Wearside community. On the 20th of October 1938, the council ensured that school rooms across the borough would be used to conduct ARP meetings and to consult to the locals who had any issues or questions.[15] A key issue which was discussed was the locations of the communal air raid shelters. With many people in Sunderland being situated in the working class sphere, not all had the available funds to purchase and design suitable shelters. Craig Armstrong indicates that local Police and fire service were to locate premises that could be converted into use shelters, the council needed to find areas which had a large surface area so they could protect plenty of its residents, this situation was the same for the emergency services in Sunderland.[16] Roker Park, was one location used to protect civilians from the air attacks, being able to h ouse around 1,000 people, thus the council committee made the building of this shelter priority as it was one of the largest to construct. [17] The people of Sunderland were gaining a trust in their local council. They were seeing signs that provisions were being taken from such an early stage during the Second World War. With many of the inhabitants of Sunderland having somewhere to go in the event of an air raid, indicates that the local authorities wanted to ensure that the people of Sunderland were safe. One may suggest that the inhabitants of Sunderland had a new found confidence within their local authority as they were protecting and showing care towards their community. Again as Armstrong suggests the local authority was duty-bound to offer free shelter to those who could not provide it for themselves, due to the introduction of the Civil Defence Act of 1939, all local communities had to ensure that there was enough free shelters for those unable to afford protection.[18] The government wanted to ensure that Britain was protected and offered support to all local authorities who required it, thus being able to pay nin e-tenths of the costs which would alleviate the pressure for local councils to locate funding and provide adequate protection.[19] For those within Sunderland who had a disposable income there was an option to build your own bomb shelter that would only cost  £5, which is not a bad investment for their safety. Average wages during 1930s were around 75.s (shillings a week) which is equivalent to around 300.s a month, which equates to  £36 a month.[20] One may suggest that the poorer population within the community may have struggled to save 14% of the monthly household income to purchase air raid protection. The local authority built public shelters so people had protection if they could not afford it. Local authorities ensured that there was plenty of information given to their communities. The Sunderland ARP issued a step by step guide on how to build the best air raid shelter, which was approved by the Home Office.[21] This guide highlighted the best materials and locations to build a shelter. Inhabitants of Sunderland had a lot to consider with the preparations they need to do for the war, with having to ensure they had ample protection from the bombs, ensuring that homes were blacked-out to limit targeting from the German Luftwaffe, rationing and food shortages, thus resulting in people facing a lot of pressure from local authorities to ensure that the community as a whole can cope during, what would be known as the Second World War. Helen Jones suggests, most people did not go to public shelters, or even ones in their own homes some took cover in a cupboard or under their stairs thus highlighting that civilians found shelter where ever they could when they heard the sound of the air raid sirens.[22] Women, in particular were urged by the media to ensure that places such as cupboards and under the stairs had supplies and provisions in case they could not make it to their outdoor or public shelter. The County Borough of Sunderland Council conducted meetings throughout 1939 ensuring that final provisions were in place to ensure that Wearside was sufficiently protected in the event of an air raid. From a meeting conducted in February 1939, the Sunderland Council discussed the provision of steel shelters which was top of the meeting agenda, thus highlighting that the local government wanted to ensure that most people in Wearside had access to shelters which were reinforced with steel which would offer added protection.[23] Every meeting which was conducted the council were continually opening and closing cases regarding air raid protection. Many of the meetings ensured that emergency supplies were discussed and constant records were recorded to ensure that the local council could keep track of supplies. The air raid wardens in Wearside had access to 2,000 whistles which were growing in supply as the council wanted to ensure that they had enough in case any got damaged during air a ttacks. [24] Also 2,300 first aid kits were supplied by the government to ensure that public shelters had access to medical supplies if they were needed. As well as first aid parties and ambulance drivers they were also supplied with first aid kits to ensure that they could provide emergency first aid if required during and after the destructive air attacks.[25] Whilst preparing for the possible German air invasion, there was an ever growing supply of equipment needed to support the ARP, such as blankets, whistles, first aid kits and clothing. With limited storage space available, due to the local government utilising large storage spaces converting them into public air raid shelters. To resolve the storage problem, the County Borough of Sunderland suggested that local primary and secondary schools in and around the Wearside area should be used to secure equipment in connection with the ARP.[26] Schools were not just institutions used for additional storage of ARP equipment, they were a priority for the Sunderland Council for building air raid shelters. The aim of the local authorities was to ensure that teachers and children had protection in case the air raids occurred during school hours. A total of  £300 was spent on air raid shelters in schools which could house around 50 school children; schools of particular interest were St Anthonys Girls Catholic school and St Marys Grammar school which educated a majority of the children in Wearside.[27] These plans were discussed in August which made it a committee priority as they soon suspected that the air raids would start shortly, it was not until 1st of September 1939 when children throughout England would be evacuated. Final preparations were taking place in Sunderland during August where 300 air raid warning sirens were erected and carrying blackout exercises during the weekend which would result in practice drills which would simulate actual conditions which the people would face during an actual air raid.[28] Wearside Women during World War Two Women played a pivotal role in aiding the preparations for German air raids. Due to the importance of the shipyards and their role in supplying materials for the war effort the people of Sunderland lived under the constant threat of being under attack of German bombing. [29] With the majority of men being conscripted to join the war, women were expected to replace the jobs which men had vacated. As Penny Summerfield indicates the great bulk of wartime domestic work was thrown back to the private sphere of a womans own resources, thus suggesting working women had to fit their domestic duties in with that of their working life.[30] The Wearside shipyards became an area which women were employed [i]n order to keep the yards running at maximum capacity, women were called in to help. As discussed earlier in the chapter, the shipyards were vital to the war effort, so in order to meet the needs of war, women were the only people on the home front who continue production. Working civilians in Sunderland had to prepare for the hardships of war and that of the shipyards being under threat and targeted by German bombers. Morale was not at a high when women went to work, they were slower to recover from the shock of the news than men thus highlighting that the constant media reporting of possible German invasion affected the work ethic of female workers. [31] In the wake of these attacks, attempts were made by those in authority to revive the morale of those living under the constant threat of death. In order to increase morale the people of Sunderland welcomed a visit from King George VI where he visited munitions factories and the shipyards which were a key assets towards the war effort. The Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette reported that the King showed gratitude towards the hard work and loyalty of the people of Sunderland highlighting that the royal visit attempted to restore morale, by praising the people of Sunderland and ensuring that their har d work was recognised.[32] Women of Sunderland were encouraged by the local media to ensure that their homes were well equipped in case of an air raid. The Chronicle reported that Home Office advice is to continue and intensify our air raid precautions and it is therefore up to every single woman to making some corner of their home into refuge.[33] This suggests that women had a key role in ensuring that every home within Wearside was protected. Women were encouraged to have a refuge room in their home to use in the event of an emergency. The Chronicle listed resources which could be used to protect the home collect thick curtains, blankets, carpets and thick sheets in order to cover windows and doors to stop any light being visible during the blackouts.[34] Items such as matches and candles were essential in case electricity or gas supply fails. Women were advised to get together the listed items such as scissors, old newspapers, candles and matches in a box or drawer in the refuge room so that they have ever ything they need in the event of an emergency.[35] With women being the forefront of the household during the lead up to the Second World War, they faced disruption to their lives due to state intervention which introduced measures such as rationing. With naval fleets being used in the preparations for the war, the state limited the amount of food imports into the country. Wearside women had were urged to ensure that their homes were equipped in emergency situations, had to work in shipyards on top if having to worry about feeding themselves and family on basic rations. Food such as eggs, bacon, butter and meat were in very short supply, which were replaced by dried or tinned substitutes such as dried egg powder, corned beef and even whale. [36] Kennils highlights that the local government would try all they could to give people good food, but due to shortages substitutes had to be found, in this instance whale meat was provided. With rations, the people of Sunderland had to cope with having basic food supply in their kitchen cupboar ds, one may suggest that morale was effected due to this. With the reduction of luxury foods and not gaining the correct nutrients in a balanced diet would cause people to get restless. It was not just food that was rationed. Coal rich areas such as Sunderland, even had one of its major exports on ration. Coal was needed for fuel during the war effort, so people within Sunderland were limited to what they could use to fuel their homes. To conclude, this chapter has outlined the state preparation and measures put in place in order to protect the country from the German air raids. The County Borough of Sunderland Council ensured that they recruited heavily to the ARP which would aid in the protection of Wearside civilians. This chapter has explored the different shelters and locations of public shelters which were made available for citizens of Sunderland. Finally, this chapter has explored the significant role that women played during the preparations leading to the outbreak of the Second World War. Women had to ensure that their homes were a safe refuge for their family, whilst having to work in shipyards which were vacated due to men being conscripted to war. This chapter has set the scene of how Sunderland prepared for the war. Chapter two will discuss the impact that the bombings had on the area of Sunderland and how morale was affected. [1] Helen Jones, British Civilians in the Front Line: Air Raids, Productivity and Wartime Culture 1939-1945 (Manchester: University Press, 2006), p.58. [2] Winifred Haley, Evacuated from Sunderland Shipyards to Coxhoe, County Durham, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archive), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/36/a3781136.shtml. [Date Accessed: 03/11/16] [3] Gillian Cookson, Sunderland: Building a City (London: Philimore, 2010), p. 147. [4] Angus Calder, The Peoples War: Britain 1939-1945 (London: Trinity Press, 1969), p.21. [5] Travis Crosby, The Impact of Civilian Evacuation in the Second World War (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p.13. [6] Joseph S. Meisel,Air Raid Shelter Policy and its Critics in Britain before the Second World War, Twentieth Century British History, vol. 5 issue 03, 1994, pp. 300-319, p.300. [7] Tyne and Wear Archive Service: DX967/7, National Service Booklet, 1939, p.13. [8] ibid [9] Calder, The Peoples War, p.21. [10] TWAS, DX967/7, p.13. [11] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th September 1938. [12] Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60-61. [13] Ibid, p.61. [14] Harold L. Smith, Britain in the Second World War: A Social History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), p.64-65. [15] TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions. [16] Craig Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War (West Sussex: Phillimore Co Ltd, 2007), p.42. [17] TWAS, 209/106, County Borough of Sunderland ARP Precautions [18] Armstrong, Tyneside in the Second World War, p.42. [19] Jones, British Civilians in the Frontline, p.60. [20] Margaret H. Schoenfeld and Anice L. Whitney, Wartime Methods of Dealing with Labour in Great Britain and the Dominions, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer, 1942), p. 530. [21] TWAS, DX 967/7, Your Home as An Air Raid Shelter, Ministry of Home Security, Home Office London,1939. [22] Jones, British Civilians, p.158. [23] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions. [24] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 28th July 1939. [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] TWAS, 209/111, Air Raid Precautions Council Minutes, 17th August 1939. [28] Ibid. [29] Sunderlands Shipyards during WW2, BBC Legacies. [30] Penny Summerfield, Women Workers in The Second World War: Production and Patriarchy in Conflict (London: Routledge, 1989), p.186. [31] Dorothy Sheridan, (ed), Wartime Women: A Mass- Observation Anthology (London: Heinemann, 1990), p.112. [32] Royal Visit to Wearside, Sunderland Echo and Shipping Gazette, 22 February 1939. [33] Women Collect These, News Chronicle, 28August 1939. [34] Ibid. [35] Ibid. [36] K. Kennils, A War Baby: In Sunderland, (BBC WW2 Peoples War Archive), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/49/a2038349.shtml. [Date Accessed: 03/11/16]